CSSC technologies factsheets
All the CSSC technologies assessed as suitable for the cities in the Danube region are described in more detail through concise factsheets. In preparation for the creation of these factsheets, more detailed information on each technology was compiled based on selected factors. The factors were intended to provide as much information as possible about the suitability of a technology in a particular context and to be relevant to municipal representatives in selecting an appropriate technology. These factors included efficiency, state of the art and technical requirements, investment costs, and other advantages and disadvantages, including environmental impacts. The next deliverable will illustrate this information in 19 factsheets. If other suitable technologies are found, the number of factsheets can be expanded as needed during the course of the project.
General data | |
Name of the technology | Pumped hydropower |
Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power |
Storage type | Short-term storage |
Description of the technology
Pumped storage power plants can store large amounts of energy. They use water as a storage medium and consist of an upper and a lower reservoir, which are often artificially constructed. The upper reservoir usually has no natural inflow, while the lower reservoir can flow into a body of water or be self-contained. Surplus energy from the power grid is used to pump water from the lower basin to the upper basin. When electricity is needed, a turbine through which water from the upper basin flows drives a generator, and a transformer is used to feed electricity into the grid.
Degree of efficiency | % | 70-82 |
Availability | TLR* | 9 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | 550-2040 |
Lifetime | cycles | 12800-33000 |
years | 40-100 | |
Scalability | low | |
Special requirements | Hight difference between water and storage lake required, lake or place for basin must be available |
Advantages | The technology is mature and established, the power plant benefits from a very long lifetime and low self-discharge with good efficiency and favourable storage costs. Use is partly possible as long-term storage. |
Disadvantages | It is a storage with very low energy density, it is in increasing competition with other storage. Geographical conditions such as suitable lakes/basins and differences in altitude must be met. The area required is high, the ecological consequences and those on the landscape must be clarified and the appropriate permits obtained. Social acceptance is not always given. |
Regional specifics
Germany | Possible operators are municipal utilities, network operators, as well as companies founded specifically for this purpose. Currently there are no subsidies for pumped storage power plants |
Montenegro | State owned company EPCG is the leading operator in country. Operating is regulated by several main documents in field of energetic (such as Energy law , Law on Energy Efficiency , National action plan for the use of energy from renewable sources until 2020 , Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro until 2030 ) |
Austria | Pumped hydropower plays a significant role in Austria’s energy system. The hydropower plants are mostly operated by national energy providers (like the Austrian Verbund AG). |
Example
Examples are the Goldisthal pumped storage power plant in Goldisthal and Waldek pumped storage power plant in Tambach-Dietharz.
HPP "Perucica" is the oldest large hydroelectric power plant in Montenegro, put into operation in 1960. It is located on the territory of the municipality of Niksic, in the northern part of the Bjelopavlicka plain, while small hydroelectric power plants are located on the territories of the municipalities of Kolasin, Podgorica, Cetinje and Savnik. Its installed capacity is 307 MW, and the possible annual production is around 1,300 GWh. The useful accumulation is 225 million cubic meters of water. For the production of electricity, HPP "Perucica" uses the waters of the Gornja Zeta river basin, i.e. the waters that flow into the Niksic field, with a favourable fall at a short distance between the Niksic field and the Bjelopavlicka plain. The catchment area of HPP "Perucica" is 850 km².
Pumped hydropower plant Avče - the first and so far the only pumped hydropower plant in Slovenia. The idea of a pumped storage hydropower plant, which by its operation enables a more economical use of the water source, arose mainly due to the unfavourable structure of electricity. With its advanced technology - it is among the first reversible pumped hydropower plants with variable speed in pumping mode in Europe, but also brings a number of other benefits: system reserves, voltage regulation, reactive energy compensation, and thus improves the operation of the power system.
Data:
Commissioning: 2009
Max gross drop (m): 521
useful volume (m3): 2170000
Installed flow (turbine mode) (m3 / s): 40
Installed flow (pumping mode) (m3 / s): 34
Installed turbine power (MW): 180
Installed pumping power (MW): 185
Annual electricity production (GWh): 426
Annual energy consumption for pumping (GWh): 553
Average annual efficiency: 77%
Source: https://www.seng.si/hidroelektrarne/crpalne-hidroelektrarne/2017060910104485
Pumped hydropower has a long tradition in Austria, but there are also modern iterations to it. A project that is currently under construction for a state-of-the-art plant is the Energiespeicher Riedl project: https://www.verbund.com/de-at/ueber-verbund/kraftwerke/unsere-kraftwerke/energiespeicher-riedl
Slovak power plants own more than 30 hydroelectric power plants. Most of them are located on the river Váh. The largest hydroelectric power plant is PH Čierny Váh with an installed capacity of TG1-TG6 122.4 MWx 6 for turbine and pump operation and TG7 0.81 MW for turbine operation from the flow in the lower tank. The list of hydropower plants of Slovenské elektrárne also includes hydropower plants at the Danube stage Gabčíkovo (VE Gabčíkovo, MVE SVII, VE Čunovo and MVE Mošoň), which are not owned by SE, a.s., but are operated by Slovenské elektrárny. The first five largest power plants owned by Slovenské elektrárne thus comprise, in addition to Čierný Váh, PH Liptovská Mara (198.00 MW), followed by hydroelectric power plants Mikšová (93.60 MW), Nosice (67.50 MW) and Ružín (60.00 MW). .
The most important pumped storage hydropower plant in Slovakia is the Čierny Váh power plant, which boasts the highest output in Central Europe. This interesting technical work also belongs to a series of water works called Vagus cascade. The Čierny Váh pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant is our largest pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant and, with its installed capacity, also the largest hydroelectric power plant. The upper reservoir, located at an altitude of 1160 m, does not have its own tributary. The power plant mainly provides support services for the electricity system, including a trip for the largest unit installed in it. The most important benefit of pumped storage hydropower plants is that they are able to respond very quickly to fluctuations in energy consumption. In essence, they have become a solution to reduce losses from unused night energy. At the same time, they are a very effective weapon against blackouts. According to preliminary data from the Slovak Electricity and Transmission System (SEPS), electricity consumption in Slovakia in 2020 fell by 3.3 percent year on year to 29,309 gigawatt-hours.
Parameters PVE Čierny Váh
Cathegory pumped
Installed power 735,16 MW
River Čierny Váh
Type of turbine 6x Francis + 1x Kaplan
Flow 6x 30 + 1x 8 m3.s-1
No of turbo generators 7
Year of commissioning 1982
Average annual production 200 GWh
https://www.energie-portal.sk/Dokument/skladovanie-energie-umoznuju-aj-precerpavacie-vodne-elektrarne-viete-ako-funguju-106809.aspx
General data | |
Name of the technology | Compressed air energy storage |
Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power |
Storage type | Short-term storage |
Description of the technology
A cavern or pressure vessel serves as the storage tank. In the charging process, air is compressed to high pressures with the help of electricity and stored. In the discharge process, the compressed air is expanded and drives a turbine. Before or during the discharge process, the air must be heated. In the adiabatic system, the heat energy generated during compression is stored and used in the discharge process. Diabatic systems operate without heat storage; the heat is added additionally, for example by a natural gas burner. Compressed air storage systems are used for electricity-to-electricity storage for daily and weekly balancing or for the provision of balancing energy. Systems with a capacity of 10 to 300 MW are common. In large systems, salt domes of several 100,000 m3 are used as storage, while smaller systems use pressure cylinders or pressure tanks.
Storage type | Short-term storage | |
Degree of efficiency | % | Diabat: 40-55, adiabat: 60-68, isotherm: 95 |
Availability | TLR* | 6-7 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | Diabat: 340-1145, adiabat: 600-800 |
Lifetime | cycles | Diabat: 8620-17100, adiabat: NA, isotherm: NA |
years | Diabat: 40, adiabat: NA, isotherm: NA | |
Scalability | Low | |
Special requirements | Cavern or pressure vessel |
Advantages | If the storage is underground, only a small footprint is required on the surface. Storage, compressors and turbines have a long lifetime, advantage is also the low self-discharge. There is a good correlation between high wind areas and cavern sites. New decentralized concepts are promising. |
Disadvantages | Underground storage facilities are subject to geographic limitations and must meet certain geological conditions. The investment costs are high, the efficiency low. There is competition in the use of suitable caverns as well as increasing competition with other storage facilities. A coherent thermal concept is required for compressed air storage facilities to be operated purely on a renewable basis. At present, the storage facilities are still the subject of research and demonstration, and rapid economic implementation is not to be expected. |
Regional specifics | |
Slovakia | An Austrian engineering company operating in the automotive industry in Slovakia opened a new plant in Topoľčany in 2007. In 2010, the existing 3-year compressors were dismantled, and new compressors with a lower output of the 55 kW electric motor were installed. Compressors have power control by continuously changing the speed of the electric motor (frequency converter), power regulation by continuous change of electric motor speed (frequency converter), recuperation exchanger for DHW preparation and boiler water preheating. Compressors ensure the removal of heated cooling air into the room of the compressor room – reheating of the compressor room or discharge into the atmosphere. At the same time, they heat the production hall as required via hot air heating. A compressed air flow meter is installed in the compressor station. The transmission of data on the amount of compressed air produced, including its temperature and pressure, is fed to the PC of the company’s chief energy officer. The energy specialist has an overview of the course of compressed air production, the production of the entire company on individual days and at the same time during a production outage he also has information about compressed air leaks in the company. The implementation of these measures has reduced the consumption of electricity for the production of compressed air by 22% compared to the original state. Hot water was provided for 400 employees of the company without any consumption of natural gas. Heating of the administrative part of the building was provided to the outside ambient temperature – 5 ° C without any consumption of natural gas compared to the original state, even though the originally supplied technology for production and treatment of compressed air was put into operation (along with the entire production) in 2007. |
Example
Northern Germany from 1978!, first commercial operated compressed air power plant. Capacity of 1.200 MWh.
Kraftwerk Huntorf, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_Huntorf,
the same scope of work performed as in the above company was also carried out in an engineering company operating in the automotive industry in Vrábly in 2011. The installed power of the electric motor of the new screw compressor is 132 kW, t. j. the usable amount of heat is about 106 kW.
implementation in 2011 in an engineering company in Nitra, which included the additional installation of recuperation exchangers in existing 7 to 10-year screw compressors. This ensured heating of the water for the "water washer - degreasing" bath "(located in the factory) without any consumption of natural gas compared to the original state, by completely shutting down the gas boiler.
- Investment amount: € 9,500 excluding VAT
- Savings for 1 month (natural gas): € 1,700 without VAT
- Return on investment: approx. 6 months
General data | |
Name of the technology | Sensible heat storage |
Form of energy intake/ output | Heat to heat |
Storage type | Long-term storage |
Description of the technology
In sensible heat storage, the temperature of the storage medium changes perceptibly, it is heated or cooled. As a rule, the temperature differences between the storage medium and the environment are greater than in other storage systems, which is why insulation is of central importance. The storage medium is often water. Sensible heat storage systems are often used in building services for the operation of buffer storage tanks. However, they are also suitable as seasonal storage units.
| Degree of efficiency | % | 45-75 |
| Availability | TLR* | 9 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | 80-130 |
| Lifetime | cycles | 5000 |
| years | NA | |
| Scalability | Medium |
| Special requirements | Depending on construction and size, space for basin or tank, gravel pit or water tower necessary |
| Advantages | Cost-effective, established, proven and simple technology, many plants are in operation. Often implemented in combination with solar energy. Sensitive heat storage is necessary for the use of geothermal energy, heat pumps and to make cogeneration more flexible, and represents an opportunity for district heating. |
| Disadvantages | Efficiencies are in the medium range, high self-discharge in stand-by. Depending on the design, impacts on nature and the landscape are to be expected. |
Regional specifics
State owned company EPCG is the leading operator in country. Operating is regulated by several main documents in field of energetic (such as Energy law , Law on Energy Efficiency , National action plan for the use of energy from renewable sources until 2020 , Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro until 2030 ); http://www.ening.co.me/eng/references/
The sensible heat storage is commonly used in district heating systems and is getting increasingly popular for use in office and residential buildings, very often in combination with sola There are no dedicated public funding schemes currently for these types of thermal storage in Austria.
Example
Freiburg Solar Thermal Initiative with Pilot Project "Climate-friendly heat supply of a listed multi-family house ensemble with an innovative solar thermal system". The heating system was commissioned by Bauverein Breisgau at the end of 2015. It consists of a microheating network with ten heat storage tanks, each of which holds 1,200 to 1,700 litres of water. It is fed by 76 flat-plate collectors with a total area of 191 square meters and a nominal output of about 150 kWth, a gas-fired combined heat and power plant with outputs of 20 kWel and 47 kWth, and a gas-fired peak-load boiler with an output of 450 kW.
More Info in german: abschlussbericht-solarthermie.pdf
The heating substation with water to water heating pumps, power 2 x 550KW, well pumps with auxiliary feeding lines, heat exchanger of the pool water, floor heating and ventilation system.
The sensible heat storage is commonly used in district heating systems and is getting increasingly popular for use in office and residential buildings, very often in combination with sola There are no dedicated public funding schemes currently for these types of thermal storage in Austria.
As part of the comprehensive energy rehabilitation of the Primary School Miklavž pri Ormožu, the existing heating oil boiler was replaced with a heat pump. To ensure optimal operation of the heating system, a 1500 L hot water storage tank was installed in addition to the heat pump. The investment in the installation of a heat pump and heat accumulator amounted to EUR 49,813.00. The hot water storage tank takes care of the optimal operation of the heat pump that replaced the heating oil boiler. By replacing the boiler with a heat pump, the previously used 19.726 L heating oil were saved. The heat pump is now consuming 45,397 kWh of electricity. In the case of heating costs, the replacement of the heating system means EUR 3,026.00 in savings per year.
General data | |
Name of the technology | Latent heat storage |
Form of energy intake/ output | Heat to heat |
Storage type | Short- and long-term storage |
Description of the technology
In latent heat storages, the energy required for a phase change is stored in addition to the sensible heat. In practice, this is usually the solid-liquid transition. The fields of application are manifold. One focus is on systems that use steam or steam cycles, for example in solar thermal energy or in the process industry.
| Degree of efficiency | % | 75-90 |
| Availability | TLR* | 7-8 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | 80-160 |
| Lifetime | cycles | 5000 |
| years | NA | |
| Scalability | medium |
| Special requirements | NA |
| Advantages | The advantages include high efficiencies, future low investment costs and high stored energy density. Research and development potentials are large. |
| Disadvantages | Technology still maturing, costs relatively high. |
Regional specifics
| Germany | Energy Concept: Ingenieurbüro Stahl und Weiß, Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme, architect: Rolf Disch SolarArchitektur |
Example
Sonnenschiff in Freiburg, produces more energy than it uses over the year, uses PCM Materials in the walls:
Source: http://www.rolfdisch.de/wp-content/uploads/BROSCHU%CC%88RE_DAS_SONNENSCHIFF_DBU.pdf, page 13
The Municipality of Lendava has installed 2 paraffin latent heat storage tanks with a volume of 2 x 1000 l in the library building. At the same time, the building was connected to the geothermal district heating network. The pilot site is a city library, profane building heritage. It is written in the Decree on the proclamation of cultural monuments of local importance in the area of the Municipality of Lendava. It is a ground floor, neo-Baroque villa with elements of secession from 1906. The main challenges that led to the decision of Paraffin wax storage were the location of the building, cultural protection and limited space for storage. The building is going to be connected to the Geothermal district heating system and will be the last connection in the network. It has shown that the inlet temperatures will be too low to sufficiently heat the building in the normal intermittent heating mode. Insulation of the façade would lower the energy demand but as it is a protected historic building, there are restrictions on RUE measures. Energy storage offers a solution but in the boiler room it is not enough room space to install conventional water storage tanks. Paraffin storage offered a solution for this challenges.
On August the 1st, 2015, the Zelená žaba swimming pool in Trenčianske Teplice was opened. DECON, in cooperation with ALFA LAVAL, designed and supplied plate heat exchangers for pool and hot water heating, which ensure quality heating according to the designed and required temperatures and other parameters.
DECON is engaged in the production of heat transfer stations divided according to the primary medium (steam and water) and also according to whether the secondary side of the CH is separated from the primary side by a heat exchanger (pressure-dependent and pressure-independent). The following type offer of DECON heat exchangers follows from the above:
- WARMLINE hot water pressure independent heat exchanger stations
- DIRECTLINE hot water pressure-dependent heat exchanger stations
- STEAMLINE heat exchanger steam stations
http://decon.sk/decon-info/aktuality/vymenniky-alfa-laval-na-zelenej-zabe/
General data | |
Name of the technology | Flywheels |
Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power |
Storage type | Short-term storage |
Description of the technology
Flywheel storage systems are mechanical energy storage systems based on one or more flywheels. In the storage process, a rotor is accelerated to very high speeds by means of electrical energy and the energy is stored in the form of kinetic energy. In the discharge process, the motor acts as a generator, decelerating the rotor by generating electric current. The storage systems are used, for example, in the field of mobility, grid services and emergency power supply. There are two types of flywheels, one is making use of rail vehicles.
Degree of efficiency | % | 83-93 |
Availability | TLR* | 8-9 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | 125-2775 |
Lifetime | cycles | > 1 mio |
years | 72-100 | |
Scalability | Medium |
Special requirements | Depending on the type, rail vehicle necessary |
Advantages | Advantages are high efficiencies, high energy density and fast charging capability. Furthermore, a long service life can be expected and maintenance requirements are low. |
Disadvantages | The technology poses safety risks due to rotating masses. Vacuum chambers and a cooling system for superconducting magnetic bearings are required. High self-discharge, there are competing technologies. |
Regional specifics
| Germany | Possible operators are Transportation Services(in this case: vag-freiburg.de), public utilities, owners associations. Fundings are not known. |
Example
The city transport company in Freiburg (VAG Freiburg) runs a flywheel storage system which saves up to 250.000kWh electricity from brakes energy of the public tramway (https://blog.vag-freiburg.de/schwungradspeicher/)
Source: Schwungradspeicher: Kleiner Raum, viel Power - VAG Blog (vag-freiburg.de)
General data | |
Name of the technology | Supercapacitors |
Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power |
Storage type | Short-term storage |
Description of the technology
Supercapacitors are electrochemical capacitors. Energy storage in a capacitor is based on maintaining an electric field in which energy is stored. They are capable of providing large power in a limited time range. This makes them suitable for providing start-up energy in the transport sector, for supporting supply systems in connection with fail-safety and for bridging or balancing short-term load fluctuations. They are used, for example, in hybrid cars, public buses, solar systems and wind turbines.
| Degree of efficiency | % | 90-95 |
| Availability | TLR* | NA |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | 125-300 |
| Lifetime | cycles | 1 Mio |
| years | 10 | |
| Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | |
| Advantages | Advantages are very high efficiency, high performance and long cycle life. They are quick and easy to charge. Suitable for use in applications with the highest requirements for response times. They offer significantly higher power density and significantly higher energy density than traditional energy storage systems. |
| Disadvantages | Energy density is low, cost per installed energy is high. High power applications can alternatively be taken over by “power batteries”. |
Regional specifics
| Germany | n.a. |
Example
No examples in the region could be researched within the framework of the project.
One example of the use of supercapacitors is the 17 buses on three lines in the Chinese metropolis of Shanghai . Together with its Chinese partner Shanghai Aowei Technology Department, the U.S. vehicle manufacturer Sinautec has transformed all the bus stops along the routes into charging stations.
The buses extend pantographs at the stops, where they connect to an overhead line. While passengers get on and off, the bus charges its capacitors, which are housed in the false floor. After just 30 seconds, they have enough power on board for the next eight kilometers of travel. The operator's bottom line: The buses cost only a tenth of the energy of a diesel bus.
Munich bus manufacturer MAN relies on capacitors - but offers its hybrid city bus called Lion's City Hybrid with a diesel and electric motor. When the driver brakes, the capacitors on the roof charge up. With their energy, the bus can drive off electrically from any stop. The diesel drive only kicks in after about 500 meters.
Source: https://www.zeit.de/auto/2012-10/superkondensatoren-autotechnik/seite-3
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Lithium-ion batteries |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power |
| Storage type | Short-term storage |
Description of the technology
Together with accumulators, batteries belong to the group of electrochemical energy storage devices. Electrochemical energy storage systems consist of electrodes that are connected to each other via an electrolyte as an ion-conducting phase. Electrical energy can be extracted from the systems, accumulators can both absorb and release energy. Chemical reactions take place during the processes in which electrical charge is transferred. Electrochemical energy storage systems are divided into low-temperature batteries (e.g. lead-acid, nickel and lithium batteries) and high-temperature batteries (sodium-sulfur batteries), and also into those with external storage (redox flow batteries) and those with internal storage (most batteries). Lithium-ion batteries are suitable as buffer storage for renewable energies, for load management, for grid services and in emergency power supply. They are also used in mobile applications such as electromobility, notebooks and aviation.
| Degree of efficiency | % | 90-97 |
| Availability | TLR* | 8 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | 170-600 |
| Lifetime | cycles | 400-1900 |
| years | 15 | |
| Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | |
| Advantages | The lithium battery has the highest energy density and efficiency among batteries. The production of large quantities leads to the reduction of manufacturing costs. Application in stationary and mobile areas is possible, new active materials are currently being developed. |
| Disadvantages | Until now, the cost of the battery has been high and its service life limited. Production, packaging and cooling of the battery are expensive. Lithium deposits are limited, there are acceptance problems regarding the mining of lithium, and the environmental impact is controversial. |
Regional specifics | |
Germany | Possible operators (e.g. Homeowners, housing associations, municipalities, etc.), no special regulations, funding (Many municipalities have special subsidy programs, for example for battery storage in combination with photvoltaik) |
Austria | In Austria Li_Ion batteries are still rather expensive and use cases like increasing self-consumption in tandem with PV installations are not yet economically viable. |
Slovakia | https://oze.tzb-info.cz/akumulace-elektriny/21462-superkondezator-vs-baterie-parametry-a-pouziti |
Example
Lithium-ion storage systems are used, among other things, to store solar power. This is commonly implemented in residential and non-residential buildings. A municipality can promote this by sponsoring consultations on this or subsidizing the purchase of batteries. The city of Freiburg promotes this for homeowners in the support program " Klimafreundliche Wohnen "
https://www.freiburg.de/pb/232441.html
Battery system from the manufacturer Tesla, with a Slovenian software solution that independently manages the devices included in the virtual power plant.
Data:
• Battery power of 15 MW and capacity of 30 MWh.
• The investment amounted to EUR 15 million.
• Estimated payback period of 8-10 years.
• Largest battery in the wider area.
• The battery has been in operation since 2020.
• After fifteen years, the expected capacity is still 70%.
The municipality Ollersdorf in Burgenland (south-east Austria) installed a 30kWh battery storage in order to provide black-out prevention for the municipal office (including a medical practice) and the fire police station.
The battery is connected to the buildings PV installation and is able to provide power in the case of a grid failure.
Battery storage installation in the municipality of Ollersdorf © Gemeinde Ollersdorf, Greenrock GmbH
Li-ion NMC storage technology by Veolia in Levice. Total storage capacity 2,91 (MWh), max.power 5,5 (MW). It is currently the largest battery energy storage project in Central Europe. The battery will be installed in order to cooperate with the steam-gas cycle equipment, which performs the function of providing secondary frequency control (aFRR). VEOLIA, as the largest provider of support services on the Slovak energy market, is thus really preparing for the new regulation rules valid from 1.1.2022, which will shorten the reaction time of the source providing secondary regulation from 15 min. for 7.5 min.
https://www.prservis.sk/konzorcium-eneregodata-tesla-doda-najvacsi-stredoeuropsky-bateriovy-energeticky-ulozny-system-pre-paroplynovy-cyklus-veolia-levice/
Fuergy company installed the first smart battery system brAIn by FUERGY with a capacity of 432 kWh in September 2020. The customer was G&E Trading a.s., an energy supplier of the industrial park in Senec.
https://www.fuergy.com/en/blog/2020-recap
Muller Textiles Slovakia; Slovenské elektrárne - energy services together with Fuergy partners and Viessmann. The battery stores energy from photovoltaic panels with an output of 499 kWp and makes sure that all the energy produced is used only for its own consumption. As defined by local resource legislation.
General data | |
Name of the technology | Fuel cell |
Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power, power to heat, power to mobility |
Description of the technology
Fuel cells convert natural gas into hydrogen, which reacts with added oxygen from the air in a reverse electrolysis process to form water. This produces thermal and electrical energy. A distinction is made between low-temperature and high-temperature fuel cells, and between stationary and mobile applications. Fuel cells can be used for off-grid power supply and to supply buildings with heat and electricity (fuel cell heating systems) as well as to power vehicles. Fuel cell heating systems require a natural gas connection, a buffer storage tank and a central heating system with central water heating. Hydrogen filling stations are required for vehicle propulsion; the technology is only climate-friendly if the hydrogen is produced using surplus renewable electricity.
| Degree of efficiency | % |
| Availability | TLR* |
| Investment costs | €/ kW |
| Lifetime | cycles |
| years | |
| Scalability | |
| Special requirements | Fuel cell heating systems require a natural gas connection, a buffer storage tank and a central heating system with central water heating. Hydrogen filling stations are required for vehicle propulsion. For climate-friendly hydrogen production, surplus renewable electricity is needed. |
| Advantages | One advantage of the fuel cell is its self-sufficient application; electrical and thermal energy are generated directly on site. The so-called cold combustion is particularly efficient and low in pollutants, also the devices are very low in wear and maintenance. Installation, operation and maintenance are not very complicated. They have high electrical efficiency and are easy to control, and modular design makes it easy to expand their output. They have high efficiency at full load. Fuel cells are lighter than accumulators, and pollutant and noise emissions are low. In the transport sector, ranges of up to 700 km are possible. There is high development potential. |
| Disadvantages | So far, the investment costs are high and the operating experience in field tests is low, the service life is comparatively short, and there are few suppliers. Because of further development steps, these disadvantages could become less important in the future, especially with regard to investment costs. In the transportation sector, there are only a few and expensive hydrogen cars on the market so far, and hydrogen filling stations are not yet available nationwide. The production and storage of hydrogen must be guaranteed, and the costs and climate impact of electricity influence the operating costs and environmental compatibility of the technology. |
Regional specifics
| Germany | Possible operators: Municipality and local energy supplier |
Example
Germany | Fuel cell in Walter-Rathenau and Richard-Fehrenbach schools in Freiburg |
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Power to heating (and cooling) in buildings: heat pump |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to heat |
| Description of the technology | |
| A heat pump absorbs ambient heat, e.g. from the air, groundwater or the earth. In the process, a refrigerant heats up in the evaporator, which changes from the liquid to the gaseous state. In an electronically driven compressor, the pressure on the gaseous refrigerant is increased, further raising the temperature of the medium. The heat is then transferred to the heating water, and the gaseous refrigerant cools down and becomes liquid again. Still under pressure, it is expanded in an expansion valve, cools further and flows again into the evaporator. Depending on the type, heat pumps vary in efficiency. Heat pumps are used in the building sector; good insulation is essential. The use of a heat pump with surface heating is particularly efficient at temperatures below 35°C. Green electricity should be used for climate-friendly operation. Large heat pumps are also used in district heating. | |
| Degree of efficiency | % | 0,33 kWhel per kWhth |
| Availability | TLR* | 4-9 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | NA |
| Lifetime | cycles | NA |
| years | 15-20 | |
| Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | Air, water or other heat storage nice to have, power from renewable energy |
| Advantages | High energy efficiency, the heat pump takes about 75% of the energy needed for heating from the environment. The remaining 25% of the energy is provided by electricity. This makes the heat pump the most climate-friendly form of heat generation, fuels are not required. Heat pumps require little maintenance and heating costs are low. Heat pumps can be used in new and old buildings. In summer, with the appropriate technical equipment, it is possible to cool with heat pumps. |
| Disadvantages | Disadvantage of heat pumps are high acquisition costs. Depending on the type, high development costs and permits are required. For the installation is the soil condition is relevant. In addition, the flow temperature may be limited. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | Possible operators: Public utilities, companies, public administration |
| Austria | Heat pumps are becoming more and more commonplace in Austria, for residential as well as office and utility buildings. As the technology is becoming widely adopted, there are no dedicated public funding schemes in place. In terms of regulations in the case of residential applications the allowable noise load is limited by law, if operated in open air areas. These regulations vary from province to province and are part of the respective provincial building laws. |
Example
In the city hall in Freiburg, almost the entire building envelope is used to generate energy. Photovoltaics - both on the roof and integrated into the facade - are mainly used. Domestic hot water is provided by hybrid collectors (PVT) supported by a gas condensing boiler. The heat supply is based on a low-temperature concept. Groundwater-coupled heat pumps are used. Heating and cooling are provided by surface systems in the form of concrete core activation combined with ceiling sails. Cooling is realized almost entirely with environmental energy via a groundwater well. High-temperature heat for heating drinking water - for the canteen and sanitary facilities - is provided by a gas boiler supported by solar thermal energy
https://www.ingenieur.de/fachmedien/hlh/energiebedarf/europaweit-groesstes-energieneutrales-verwaltungsgebaeude-steht-in-freiburg/
The facilities in the super luxury tourist village “Luštica Bay” of the phases C and D, area cca 10.000m2, are based on air-to-water heat pumps supplying the powered floor heating, fan-coil units and water heaters to heat the sanitary hot water.
- the heating substation with water to water heating pumps, power 2 x 550KW, well pumps with auxiliary feeding lines, heat exchanger of the pool water, floor heating and ventilation system.
„Doremicii” kindergarten in Calarasi Brine/water heat pump used for heating with 500l buffer storage inside the thermal envelope. Distribution via underfloor heating. The kindergarten for 100 children in Calarasi was the first passive house built in the Republic of Moldova. 
As part of the comprehensive energy rehabilitation of the Miklavž pri Ormožu Kindergarten, the existing LPG heating system was replaced with a heat pump. An air / water heat pump with a compact design is installed, which means that the heat pump has only an outdoor unit. The heating power of the heat pump is 17.5 kW. Together with the heat pump, a 300 L hot water storage tank was also installed. The investment in the installation of the heat pump and heat storage tank amounted to EUR 17,663.00. The liquefied petroleum gas boiler was replaced by a heat pump. Replacing the boiler with a heat pump saved 4.051 L of LPG / a previously used. 31.919 kWh of heat, with the heat pump now consuming an additional 6.057 kWh of electricity. In terms of heating costs, replacing the heating system means EUR 655 in savings per year.
An example for heat pump application is the solar.one Building in Stegersbach, Burgenland (south-east Austria), a modern office building that is utilizing PV-generated power for heating and cooling of the building via a heatpump system in tandem with a cold and hot water storage system.
Since 2004 company WAMAK has been producing high quality, stable and very efficient heat pumps from 5 kW to 450 kW, in cascade up to 1760 kW heat output. Currently exports about 97% of production in demanding European markets. Now operating more than 2500 plants with WAMAK heat pumps in 17 countries. WAMAK focuses on three main activities that are exclusively related to heat pump technology. These activities include the development, production and optimization of WAMAK heat pumps.
https://www.wamak.eu/en/
https://www.istavebnictvo.sk/clanky/pravda-a-nepravda-o-tepelnych-cerpadlach
https://tatraclima.sk/realizacie/#cerpadla
https://www.geotherm.sk/referencie/tepelne-cerpadla/
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Power to heating in district heating: combination of a CHP and a P2H-module |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to heat |
| Description of the technology | |
| One possibility of realizing power to heating in district heating is the combination of a cogeneration plant and a power-to-heat-module (heating rod or electrode boiler) feeding heat into a heat grid system or a heat storage, using surplus electricity from renewable sources. Using biomass or fossil fuels, a CHP unit generates heat, which is fed into a heat storage tank or into the heating network. In times of electricity surpluses from renewable energies, electricity is converted into heat by the power-to-heat module, stored or immediately transferred to the heating network. During these times, the CHP can be scaled back and resources saved. | |
| Degree of efficiency | % |
| Availability | TLR* |
| Investment costs | €/ kW |
| Lifetime | cycles |
| years | |
| Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | Renewable electricity surplus mandatory; air, water or other heat storage useful |
| Advantages | Short response times of the CHP and P2H mode, flexible reactions to fluctuations in the power grid possible, contribution to security of supply. Utilization and storage of electricity surpluses from renewable energies. In times of abundant electricity, saving of resources for the CHP plant. |
| Disadvantages | Availability of renewable electricity with sufficient utilization necessary, acceptance for this type of power-to-heat solutions is limited. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | Possible operators: Public utilities, companies, public administration, Funding via national funding is possible |
| Montenegro | District heating in Montenegro exists on a very limited scale. At present, district heating solutions are being neither developed nor explored. According to available information, there are only two operational boilers in Pljevlja (PE Grijanje and Sports Center Ada) that produce heat for district heating for a limited number of consumers located in the city centre. Buildings in the service sector are usually equipped with a central heating system based on light fuel oil, electricity, coal or biomass. Buildings in the residential sector tend to be heated and cooled by individual systems such as air-conditioners, including air source heat pumps, individual boilers for apartments or houses and biomass stoves |
Example
The aim of the project is to modernize and expand the existing local heating supply in the areas of the neighboring community of Wolfach and the Oberwolfach district, thus increasing the local contribution to climate protection. The heart of the existing local heating supply is the woodchip boiler in the heating system. To optimize efficiency and heat yield, an additional heat pump will be installed in the heating system. This is to use both the waste heat of the block-type thermal power station and the additional heat of the wood heating system as a source, which is made usable via exhaust gas condensation.
Intercommunal local heating supply Oberwolfach and Wolfach (KWA GmbH u. Co Oberwolfach KG) (Interkommunale Nahwärmeversorgung Oberwolfach und Wolfach (badenova.de))
Municipality of Pljevlja
Cogeneration units MP 1500 C-CU and MP 250 N-CU use standard gas and supply greenhouse for growing tomatoes. Electric energy is used for supply of the lighting and heated water is used to heat the greenhouse. MP 1500 C-CU with Caterpillar engine is installed in noiseproof 40 ft container with separate room for power and control cabinets. Exhaust gas heat exchanger with bypass, exhaust silencer and ventilation duct with dust filters are installed on the roof. MP 250 N-CU with MAN engine is installed in custom made noiseproof canopy suitable for outdoor installation.
Cogeneration unit MP 1250 J-BCU with Jenbacher engine is installed in noiseproof 40 ft container. Due to time pressure reasons whole assembly of the CHP has been done directly on the installation site. Container features three separate rooms. Main room contains biogas genset with 999 kW power and components of heating circuit, gas regulation elements, lube oil system and other appliances. Power cabinets are located in separate room with own entrance for lowering noise impact of the engine to operator. Third smallest room is for inlet air treatment. Exhaust gas heat exchanger is located on the container roof. Stack with exhaust silencer, outlet heat exchanger and external dry coolers are located next to the container.
Cogeneration units Martin Power based on modified modern engines MTU are own developement of TTS Martin. Until now two MP 250 M-DCU prototypes has been put into continuous operation. Fuel used in these engines are vegetable oils, animal fats and oils made from waste plastics. Second cogeneration unit of this type is installed in Moldava nad Bodvou in noiseproof canopy. Again also heated air is used besides standard power and heating water usage. This kind of using less valuable and waste fuels for energetic purposes with efficiency over 90% in modern commonrail engines is real green energy.
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Combined heat and power plant |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Heat to heat, heat to power |
| Description of the technology | |
| One possibility to realize power to heating in district heating is the combination of a CHP and a power-to-heat-module (heating rod or electrode boiler) feeding heat into a heat grid system or a heat storage, using surplus electricity from renewable sources. Using biomass or fossil fuels, an engine drives an electricity generator that is connected to the grid. The resulting heat can be used directly or can be fed into a storage tank or into the heating network. From an ecological point of view, heat should be used on site as far as possible. In times of electricity surpluses from renewable energies, electricity is converted into heat by the power-to-heat module, stored or immediately transferred to the heating network. During these times, the CHP can be scaled back and resources saved. The CHP units can have very different outputs and range from Nano-CHP units with 2.5 kW to large plants with up to 10 MW. | |
Degree of efficiency | % | 85 |
Availability | TLR* | 9 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | 350-1000 |
Lifetime | cycles | NA |
years | 30 | |
Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | Renewable fuel, heat storage and/or connection to heat network required |
| Advantages | CHP units are very efficient in energy generation. They generate electricity and heat at the same time, and there are no or only few transport routes. High flexibility possible due to additionally installed heat storage and backup heating systems, power-modulated operation is state of the art today. |
| Disadvantages | The heat demand is subject to seasonal fluctuations, and energy losses occur when heat is stored for longer periods. CHP units are primarily suitable for applications that require heat and power all year round. Fossil fuels, biogas or biomass are required for the drive. Operating costs and environmental impact depend on the price of the raw material used (usually biomass or natural gas). For climate-friendly energy generation, biomass should be used, but the availability is limited and the use is only sustainable to a limited extent. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | Possible operators: public utilities, owners associations, Citizen energy cooperatives |
Example
Kraftwerk Wiehre in Freiburg, Wiehre was given special focus in this pilot project, primarily because of the Wilhelminian style multi-family housing development, the relatively high proportion of listed buildings and the associated restrictions on energy-related building renovation, as well as the lack of district heating networks.
https://www.freiburg.de/pb/413372.html
CHP plant in Elementary school Ljudski vrt Ptuj, Slovenia Two gas cogeneration units with electrical power 2 x 20 kW and thermal output 2 x 25 kW. The owner and manager of the cogeneration unit transmits the produced electricity to the network according to the feed-in-tariff principle. Waste heat is sold and consumed in the building of the Primary school Ljudski vrt.
The core of the local powerplant, which supplies heat to Chrenová district of Nitra city, are two container cogeneration units Martin Power with MTU engines (part of Rolls Royce Power Systems group). The biggest curiosity of the whole powerplant is that cogeneration units use the combination of standard pipeline natural gas with low-LHV natural gas from local source. Cogeneration units work in parallel with the mains and in case of power outage are securely stopped with help of MP 30 P genset. Important factor during projection and realization was total surpression of negative noise or emission influences to surrounding housing and environment, and brownfield revitalisation after collapsed mazut heating plant with high accent to architectonic value.
Two cogeneration units MP 400 G with Iveco engines have been installed in 2005 as a part of water-treatment plant reconstruction. When new operating company took over the operation of energetic center of the plant, it has been decided to replace one of the old CHP units with new unit MP 250 N-BCU with MAN engine. Cogeneration unit works according to signal from upper level autonomous control system which regulates the power of CHP and parallel gas boilers according to actual gas production and power and heat consumption of the plant. TTS Martin company has been general contractor of this renovation responsible for supply of cogeneration unit as well as upper level control system.
Diesel powered cogeneration unit in polar station 80 kVA genset with exhaust gas heat usage. This heat is used for heating of water in secondary circuit. Genset is situated in polar station on island Svalbard.
Regional specifics
Possible operators: Public utilities, companies, public administration
Heat pumps are becoming more and more commonplace in Austria, for residential as well as office and utility buildings. As the technology is becoming widely adopted, there are no dedicated public funding schemes in place. In terms of regulations in the case of residential applications the allowable noise load is limited by law, if operated in open air areas. These regulations vary from province to province and are part of the respective provincial building laws.
Example
„Doremicii” kindergarten in Calarasi Brine/water heat pump used for heating with 500l buffer storage inside the thermal envelope. Distribution via underfloor heating. The kindergarten for 100 children in Calarasi was the first passive house built in the Republic of Moldova.
As part of the comprehensive energy rehabilitation of the Miklavž pri Ormožu Kindergarten, the existing LPG heating system was replaced with a heat pump. An air / water heat pump with a compact design is installed, which means that the heat pump has only an outdoor unit. The heating power of the heat pump is 17.5 kW. Together with the heat pump, a 300 L hot water storage tank was also installed. The investment in the installation of the heat pump and heat storage tank amounted to EUR 17,663.00.
The liquefied petroleum gas boiler was replaced by a heat pump. Replacing the boiler with a heat pump saved 4.051 L of LPG / a previously used. 31.919 kWh of heat, with the heat pump now consuming an additional 6.057 kWh of electricity. In terms of heating costs, replacing the heating system means EUR 655 in savings per year.
An example for heat pump application is the solar.one Building in Stegersbach, Burgenland (south-east Austria), a modern office building that is utilizing PV-generated power for heating and cooling of the building via a heatpump system in tandem with a cold and hot water storage system.
Since 2004 company WAMAK has been producing high quality, stable and very efficient heat pumps from 5 kW to 450 kW, in cascade up to 1760 kW heat output.
Currently exports about 97% of production in demanding European markets. Now operating more than 2500 plants with WAMAK heat pumps in 17 countries.
WAMAK focuses on three main activities that are exclusively related to heat pump technology. These activities include the development, production and optimization of WAMAK heat pumps.
https://www.istavebnictvo.sk/clanky/pravda-a-nepravda-o-tepelnych-cerpadlach
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | PtH in industry and PtH-module: electrode boilers |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to heat |
| Suitable application fields | Industry |
| Description of the technology | |
| As a PtH-module, electrode boilers can be a solution for industrial companies with a high demand for hot water and heat or, in combination with a CHP unit, contribute to the district heating supply (see PtH in district heating). Electrode boilers work according to the “immersion heater principle”, the technology with a capacity above 5 MW has been tested for industrial companies for years and is now increasingly used. Compared to other technologies, the specific investment costs are low. | |
| Degree of efficiency | % | 1 kWhel per kWhth |
| Availability | TLR* | 8-9 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | Industrial sector 100-200, district heating application: 75-150 |
| Lifetime | cycles | |
| years | ||
| Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | Renewable electricity surplus mandatory |
| Advantages | Generation of high temperatures up to 500°C possible, applicable in commercial and industrial operation. Short response times, low operating times and flexible adaptation to fluctuating power feeds from renewable energies possible. Simple technology, many plants already in operation, no technical risk. |
| Disadvantages | Mode of operation “immersion heater principle”, no efficient regeneration possible, heat storage or good controllability of existing heat generation required. Significantly less efficient than the heat pump, but higher temperature range can be achieved. High demand for renewable electricity. Limited acceptance for PtH systems. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | n.a. |
Example
No projects known in the region, but in Switzerland:
The combined heat and power station in Altbach/Deizisau makes an important contribution to the regional economy by providing a reliable, economic and sustainable energy supply. EnBW (Energie Baden-Württemberg AG) operates several plants on this site with a total electrical power output of 1,200 MW. A secured district heating output of 280 MW can be supplied from each of the CHPs 1 and 2.
The CHP is also equipped with two VAPEC 50 MW hot water electric boilers. These boilers safeguard the district heating grid while maintenance work is carried out on the hard coal-fired power plants. The heat can be transferred either to the hot water tank or directly to the district heating grid via a heat exchanger.
No regional examples of technology implementation were identified.
At least one solution provider at national level was identified:
https://ro.galanshop.eu/electrode-boilers
https://www.centernetdc.ro/produse/775-sisteme-de-incalzire-electrice-centrale-termice-prin-ionizare
Other options that support network flexibility include, for example, electric boilers, which are already present in some nuclear power plants today. They are also used in thermal power plants. Through them, it is possible to take excess power from the system. In addition, they provide support services to power plants. A new electric boiler will be added to the Bohunice nuclear power plant
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | P2Mobility: battery-powered electric vehicles (data valid for lithium-ion-battries excluding the vehicle) |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to power, power to mobility |
| Description of the technology | |
| “Battery-powered electric vehicles are powered by electrical energy from a battery, usually a lithium-ion battery. Vehicles include, for example, battery-powered cars, buses and motorcycles. Once the battery has been discharged, it must be recharged at electric charging stations. | |
| Together with accumulators, batteries belong to the group of electrochemical energy storage devices. Electrochemical energy storage systems consist of electrodes that are connected to each other via an electrolyte as an ion-conducting phase. Electrical energy can be extracted from the systems, accumulators can both absorb and release energy. Chemical reactions take place during the processes in which electrical charge is transferred. Electrochemical energy storage systems are divided into low-temperature batteries (e.g. lead-acid, nickel and lithium batteries) and high-temperature batteries (sodium-sulfur batteries), and also into those with external storage (redox flow batteries) and those with internal storage (most batteries). Lithium-ion batteries are suitable as buffer storage for renewable energies, for load management, for grid services and in emergency power supply. They are also used in mobile applications such as electromobility, notebooks and aviation.” | |
Degree of efficiency | % | 90-97 |
Availability | TLR* | 8 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | 200-490 |
Lifetime | cycles | 400-1900 |
years | 15 | |
Scalability | High |
| Special requirements | Comprehensive charging infrastructure with renewable electricity |
| Advantages | Battery-powered vehicles are around 3 to 4 times more efficient than vehicles with conventional drives. Another positive aspect is that no emissions are produced when driving, and electromobility can make a significant contribution to improving air quality in cities. Climate and environmental friendliness depend on whether the vehicle is powered by green electricity. Electromobility is considered a driver for the development of battery technologies such as the lithium battery. The lithium battery has the highest energy density and efficiency among batteries. The production of large quantities leads to the reduction of manufacturing costs. Application in stationary and mobile fields is possible. New active materials are currently being developed. The topic of “second life” is considered promising; after the battery has been used in the vehicle, it can be used for electricity storage after a few years at significantly lower investment costs. |
| Disadvantages | The production of electric vehicles requires a lot of energy and resources. Efficient use of materials and recycling are of great importance for the environmental balance. To date, the cost of the lithium battery has been high and its service life limited. Production, packaging and cooling of the battery are costly. Lithium deposits are limited, there are acceptance problems regarding the mining of lithium, and the environmental impact is controversial. Overall, electric vehicles can make an important contribution to more climate-friendly traffic, but the switch to electromobility in individual traffic alone is not enough to make traffic sustainable and fit for the future. Problems such as noise, land and resource consumption can only be solved if other forms of mobility (especially public transport and cycling) gain in importance. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | Every city and community can have different financial support systems |
| Montenegro | By the law, there are multiple solutions providers for infrastructure and technology regarding Power-to-mobility in Montenegro. These can be classified in 2 groups: · power lines and infrastructure providers · charging stations providers |
| Moldova | There are multiple solutions providers for infrastructure and technology regarding Power-to-mobility in Moldova. These can be classified in 3 groups: ● power lines and infrastructure providers ● charging stations providers ● electric vehicles providers (including trams) |
| Romania | There are multiple solutions providers for infrastructure and technology regarding Power-to-mobility in Romania. These can be classified in 3 groups: • power lines and infrastructure providers • charging stations providers • electric vehicles providers (including trams) |
| Slovakia | There are multiple solutions providers for infrastructure and technology regarding Power-to-mobility in Romania. These can be classified in 3 groups: ● power lines and infrastructure providers ● charging stations providers ● electric vehicles providers (including trams) |
Example
Waste disposal and street cleaning Freiburg
Freiburg's streets are cleaned with 7 electrically powered flatbed vehicles and sweepers each, including the first e-sweeper used in Germany in 2017. Furthermore, with 6 flexibly deployable e-bikes, ASF is making an important contribution to a noise- and emission-free mobility turnaround in (inner-)urban traffic. In the area of waste disposal, the switch from fossil to renewable energy use will begin in 2021 with the use of two hydrogen-powered collection vehicles. Photovoltaic systems on the Eichelbuck energy mountain and the St. Gabriel depot provide around 3,900 MWh of green electricity, which is significantly more than ASF consumes, and this positive energy balance will make the switch to e-mobility sustainable in all respects.
E-mobility in CarSharing
Stadtmobil Südbaden participated early on in pilot projects to promote e-mobility and has been operating e-car sharing services in cooperation with municipal partners since 2014.
With my-e-car GmbH, a joint venture of Stadtmobil Südbaden AG and Energiedienst Holding AG, a new business area for electric car sharing with fast charging stations was established. Only certified, 100% renewable electricity from the region is used for charging.
The joint venture currently provides a total of 118 cars, including 43 electric cars, at 100 stations in 50 cities and communities in South Baden, in addition to the vehicles in the major city of Freiburg (with 152 cars at 72 stations)
Kaufland Moldova provides Charging stations in all of its supermarkets parking areas. The ports used for charging are: DC (direct current to 50 kW); ChaDeMo (DC direct current up to 50 kW); AC (alternating current with load power up to 43 kW)
- Electric bus fleet. Selected regional example: Cluj Napoca. (North West Development Region)
https://ziarulunirea.ro/fotoprimaria-comunei-ciugud-a-testat-pentru-prima-data-statia-de-incarcare-inteligenta-acoperita-cu-panouri-fotovoltaice-594239/
- Charging station and battery providers and operators for electric cars:
https://www.eondrive.ro/clienti-casnici
https://www.eondrive.ro/abonament-prepaid
https://volt.com.ro/statii-incarcare-electrice/
Electric car MG ZS EV LUXURY, Municipality of Šalovci
The purpose of the investment in the purchase of an electric car is to provide free transportation for vulnerable target groups, especially the elderly. In this way, we want to prevent the loneliness of older people in rural areas, especially from very remote places, which are isolated from the services offered by these places due to the distance from urban centers. The investment will enable vulnerable groups to attend events they meet in social life or perform tasks necessary to improve the quality of life (doctor, pharmacy, post office, self-service store, bank, administrative unit, visit relatives, etc.).
Based on the Operation approval no. 33154-37 / 2018/9 from 03.08.2018 for the operation Smart Villages for tomorrow, 22.144,11 EUR were approved for the purchase of an electric car, which represents a co-financing share of 85 %. (Source: LAS Goričko2020).
The subject of the investment is an electric vehicle:
• Brand: MG
• Version: ZS EV LUXURY
• Color: White
• Battery power: 44.5 kWh
• Engine power: 105 kw
• Range - combined driving mode: 263 km
• Luggage compartment (l): 448
Charging station and battery providers and operators for electric cars Bratislava is the first city in Eastern Europe to have an EV charging station that is fed both by the grid as well as a battery. The GridBooster combines two fast-charge stops with CCS and ChaDeMo. Developed by Greenway, the so-called GridBooster got an extra battery capable of storing 52 kWh of energy and dispensing up to 60 kW of power at once. Installed at a shopping mall, the new station will also be able to charge up to four vehicles at the same time.
https://www.electrive.com/2018/01/07/battery-supported-fast-charging-station-slovakia/
InoBat is an R&D and battery production company established in 2018 with the objective of providing new energy solutions to the European market. Leveraging the strong automotive, petrochemical and energy industries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), InoBat plans to house R&D and testing platforms as well as the production lines in Voderady, Slovakia. The production line for the production of batteries for electric cars will be opened in the first half of 2022. Inobat will work in three industry silos - electromobility, energy storage, and hydrogen. The potential of fuel cell technology and of hydrogen for energy storage is increasingly recognized as a crucial element in the transition to a clean, low-carbon energy system and meeting worldwide energy targets.
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Power-to-hydrogen (natural gas grid, low-temperature electrolysis) |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to gas |
| Description of the technology | |
| Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical energy. So far, this has mainly been done in low-temperature processes, but high-temperature processes could gain in importance in the future. In electrolysis, about 80 percent of the energy input is converted into hydrogen; heat losses in particular reduce the efficiency. The decisive factors for operating costs and climate impact are the power source and the substituted energy carrier. Areas of application for hydrogen include transportation, existing buildings, oil refineries, steel production and industrial process heat. | |
Degree of efficiency | % | 57-80 |
Availability | TLR* | 8-9 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | Alkaline elektrolysis: 800-1500; PEM-electrolysis: 2000-6000 |
Lifetime | cycles | |
years | ||
Scalability | Medium |
| Special requirements | Gas grid necessary |
| Advantages | Along with methane, hydrogen is one of the few options for long-term storage; large amounts of energy can be stored with low land consumption. The starting material water is available in unlimited quantities. Compared to methane, hydrogen is less expensive. Hydrogen is an energy carrier with high energy density and can be used in all energy sectors. It is easily transportable, storable and can be used both centrally and decentrally. |
| Disadvantages | Development of regenerative power sources with sufficient utilization necessary, acceptance of this is limited. Up to now, the production of hydrogen has been associated with relatively high costs, and the efficiency of electricity-gas end use is comparatively low. Unlike methane or natural gas, an infrastructure is not yet available on a mass scale or nationwide. Hydrogen has a lower efficiency and a one-third lower storage density than methane. Direct injection into the natural gas grid is usually limited to 2%. Hydrogen competes with other long-term storage systems, and there is also competition in the use of suitable caverns for storing other substances. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | n.a. |
Example
Fraunhofer ISE has been operating a solar hydrogen filling station in Freiburg since March 2012. The hydrogen is generated on site. The electricity demand of the filling station is covered on an annual average by its own PV systems, thus demonstrating the possibility of sustainable hydrogen production by renewable energies. Cars can be refueled with 700 bar storage pressure within three to five minutes. The institute has two fuel cell vehicles at its disposal for research purposes, which are used, among other things, as service vehicles, thus demonstrating the suitability of the technology for everyday use.
The filling station was realized in container construction. In the electrolysis container, hydrogen is generated and processed at 30 bar using a modern membrane process. The second container contains two compressors, the hydrogen pre-cooling system and the control unit. In the first stage, the hydrogen is compressed to 450 bar and temporarily stored. For 700 bar refueling, the gas is compressed to up to 950 bar and stored in a high-pressure tank.
Thanks to Freiburg's favorable location, the filling station is ideally integrated into the network of hydrogen filling stations currently under construction in Baden-Württemberg and, with its location on a TEN-T corridor, is an important link to future European filling stations in France and Switzerland. In addition to its actual task of refueling hydrogen vehicles, the filling station serves as a research and technology platform. Some components have been designed in such a way that, among other things, tests of refueling station components as well as R&D projects on demand-side management or from the field of power-to-gas can be carried out. The solar hydrogen filling station has extensive measurement technology for monitoring. The control system allows flexible operational management of the plant.
With the lighthouse project "Power-to-Gas Baden-Württemberg (PtG-BW)", an electrolysis reference plant for hydrogen (H2) was created in Grenzach-Wyhlen in southern Baden. The plant
receives renewable electricity from the adjacent Wyhlen hydropower plant via a direct line and has a production capacity of about 500 kg of hydrogen per day. The connected filling station for H2 trailers has a handling capacity of 1,500 kg per day. A ZSW research platform is also integrated into the plant complex, where optimized electrolysers in the power range up to 500 kW are tested under practical conditions.
The Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency (SIEA) has announced a public procurement for the provision of hydrogen filling stations, the first two should be built in October 2021, the total number in the coming years should be eight. It will be possible to refuel hydrogen cars and buses (with fuel cells and electric motors). The aim is to contribute to the climate neutrality that the European Union wants to achieve by 2050. The method of hydrogen production is not defined in the procurement conditions, but given the above objective, it is clear that electricity from renewable or low-emission sources should be used. Hydrogen filling stations are designed primarily for the needs of pure mobility, they are not long-term energy storage. At the first two stations, a pressure of 350 resp. 700 bar, thanks to the purity of 99.97% and their portability is required - this is also a demonstration project.
ww.siea.sk/siea-první-cerpacie-stanice-na-vodik-budu-na-jesen-realitou-uz-aj-na-slovensku
| General data | |
| Name of the technology | Power-to-methane (natural gas grid, methanation) |
| Form of energy intake/ output | Power to gas |
| Storage type | Long-term storage possible |
| Description of the technology | |
| In the first step, hydrogen is produced by means of electrolysis. The second step is methanation, in which the hydrogen is converted with carbon dioxide into methane and water. In electrolysis, about 80 percent of the energy introduced is converted into hydrogen; heat losses in particular lower the efficiency. Methanation also has a utilization rate of about 80 percent if the waste heat is also used. There are various methanation processes, both chemical and biological. The decisive factors for the operating costs and the climate impact are the power source and the substituted energy carrier. Fields of application are traffic, existing buildings as well as process heat in industry. | |
Degree of efficiency | % | 50-78 |
Availability | TLR* | Catalytic: 8, biologic: 7 |
Investment costs | €/ kW | |
Lifetime | cycles | |
years | ||
Scalability | Medium |
| Special requirements | Hydrogen storage and gas grid necessary |
| Advantages | Along with hydrogen, methane is one of the few options for long-term storage; large amounts of energy can be stored with low land consumption. Methane has a high energy density; compared to hydrogen, methane is easier and less expensive to transport, compress, store and store. Very high storage capacities are available. The existing natural gas infrastructure, including application technologies, can be fully utilized. There are no feed-in limits to the natural gas grid. |
| Disadvantages | Development of regenerative power sources with sufficient utilization necessary, acceptance of this is limited. Up to now, the production of methane has been associated with relatively high costs, and the efficiency of electricity-gas end use is comparatively low. Compared to hydrogen, a further conversion step with waste heat and supply of CO2 is necessary, resulting in lower efficiency in the overall process. In addition, a CO2 source is necessary, which influences the choice of location, unless it is taken from the air. The technological maturity of methanation is still low. Continuous methanation requires upstream hydrogen. Methane competes with other long-term storage options. |
| Regional specifics | |
| Germany | n.a. |
| Example | |
| Germany | There are individual research projects on power-to-methane in the region, but no known conventional projects yet. |
Description of the technology
Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical energy. So far, this has mainly been done in low-temperature processes, but high-temperature processes could gain in importance in the future. In electrolysis, about 80 percent of the energy input is converted into hydrogen; heat losses in particular reduce the efficiency. The decisive factors for operating costs and climate impact are the power source and the substituted energy carrier. Areas of application for hydrogen include transportation, existing buildings, oil refineries, steel production and industrial process heat.
Degree of efficiency | % | 57-80 |
| Availability | TLR* | 8-9 |
| Investment costs | €/ kW | Alkaline elektrolysis: 800-1500; PEM-electrolysis: 2000-6000 |
| Lifetime | cycles | |
| years | ||
| Scalability | Medium |
| Special requirements | Gas grid necessary |
| Advantages | Along with methane, hydrogen is one of the few options for long-term storage; large amounts of energy can be stored with low land consumption. The starting material water is available in unlimited quantities. Compared to methane, hydrogen is less expensive. Hydrogen is an energy carrier with high energy density and can be used in all energy sectors. It is easily transportable, storable and can be used both centrally and decentrally. |
| Disadvantages | Development of regenerative power sources with sufficient utilization necessary, acceptance of this is limited. Up to now, the production of hydrogen has been associated with relatively high costs, and the efficiency of electricity-gas end use is comparatively low. Unlike methane or natural gas, an infrastructure is not yet available on a mass scale or nationwide. Hydrogen has a lower efficiency and a one-third lower storage density than methane. Direct injection into the natural gas grid is usually limited to 2%. Hydrogen competes with other long-term storage systems, and there is also competition in the use of suitable caverns for storing other substances. |
Regional specifics
| Germany | n.a. |
Example
Fraunhofer ISE has been operating a solar hydrogen filling station in Freiburg since March 2012. The hydrogen is generated on site. The electricity demand of the filling station is covered on an annual average by its own PV systems, thus demonstrating the possibility of sustainable hydrogen production by renewable energies. Cars can be refueled with 700 bar storage pressure within three to five minutes. The institute has two fuel cell vehicles at its disposal for research purposes, which are used, among other things, as service vehicles, thus demonstrating the suitability of the technology for everyday use.
The filling station was realized in container construction. In the electrolysis container, hydrogen is generated and processed at 30 bar using a modern membrane process. The second container contains two compressors, the hydrogen pre-cooling system and the control unit. In the first stage, the hydrogen is compressed to 450 bar and temporarily stored. For 700 bar refueling, the gas is compressed to up to 950 bar and stored in a high-pressure tank.
Thanks to Freiburg's favorable location, the filling station is ideally integrated into the network of hydrogen filling stations currently under construction in Baden-Württemberg and, with its location on a TEN-T corridor, is an important link to future European filling stations in France and Switzerland. In addition to its actual task of refueling hydrogen vehicles, the filling station serves as a research and technology platform. Some components have been designed in such a way that, among other things, tests of refueling station components as well as R&D projects on demand-side management or from the field of power-to-gas can be carried out. The solar hydrogen filling station has extensive measurement technology for monitoring. The control system allows flexible operational management of the plant.
With the lighthouse project "Power-to-Gas Baden-Württemberg (PtG-BW)", an electrolysis reference plant for hydrogen (H2) was created in Grenzach-Wyhlen in southern Baden. The plant receives renewable electricity from the adjacent Wyhlen hydropower plant via a direct line and has a production capacity of about 500 kg of hydrogen per day. The connected filling station for H2 trailers has a handling capacity of 1,500 kg per day. A ZSW research platform is also integrated into the plant complex, where optimized electrolysers in the power range up to 500 kW are tested under practical conditions.
The Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency (SIEA) has announced a public procurement for the provision of hydrogen filling stations, the first two should be built in October 2021, the total number in the coming years should be eight. It will be possible to refuel hydrogen cars and buses (with fuel cells and electric motors). The aim is to contribute to the climate neutrality that the European Union wants to achieve by 2050. The method of hydrogen production is not defined in the procurement conditions, but given the above objective, it is clear that electricity from renewable or low-emission sources should be used.
Hydrogen filling stations are designed primarily for the needs of pure mobility, they are not long-term energy storage. At the first two stations, a pressure of 350 resp. 700 bar, thanks to the purity of 99.97% and their portability is required - this is also a demonstration project.
ww.siea.sk/siea-první-cerpacie-stanice-na-vodik-budu-na-jesen-realitou-uz-aj-na-slovensku
Regional specifics
| Germany | n.a. |
Example
Germany
There are individual research projects on power-to-methane in the region, but no known conventional projects yet.
Demo centers
Croatia
Slovenia
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